What is PCOS?
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age.
Key facts
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 6–13% of reproductive-aged women.
Up to 70% of affected women remain undiagnosed worldwide.
PCOS is the most common cause of anovulation (not ovulating and irregular periods).
PCOS is the leading cause of female infertility.
PCOS is associated with a variety of long-term health problems that affect physical and emotional well-being.
PCOS runs in families, but there are ethnic variations in how PCOS manifests itself and how it affects people.
Here's a breakdown of key aspects:
Hormonal Imbalance:
PCOS is characterized by an imbalance of reproductive hormones. This often involves higher-than-normal levels of androgens (male hormones).
This hormonal imbalance can disrupt the normal ovulation process.
Ovarian Changes:
The name "polycystic ovary syndrome" comes from the fact that many women with PCOS develop numerous small, fluid-filled sacs (follicles or "cysts") in their ovaries.
However, having these cysts is not required for a PCOS diagnosis, and not all women with PCOS have them.
Symptoms:
Symptoms vary significantly among individuals, but common signs include:
Irregular menstrual periods or absent periods.
Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) on the face, chest, or back.
Acne or oily skin.
Male-pattern baldness or thinning hair.
Weight gain, particularly around the abdomen.
Infertility.
Health Risks:
PCOS can increase the risk of developing other health problems, such as:
Type 2 diabetes.
Heart disease.
Sleep apnea.
Endometrial cancer.
Mental health issues such as anxiety and depression.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis typically involves a combination of:
Medical history review.
Physical examination.
Blood tests to check hormone levels.
Pelvic ultrasound to examine the ovaries.
Causes:
The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but factors that may play a role include:
Insulin resistance.
Genetics.
Low-grade inflammation.
Treatment for PCOS focuses on managing individual symptoms and reducing the risk of long-term health problems. Because PCOS presents differently in each person, treatment is highly individualized. Here's an overview of common approaches:
1. Lifestyle Modifications:
Weight Management:
Even a small amount of weight loss (5-10%) can significantly improve insulin resistance, hormone levels, and ovulation.
A balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean protein is recommended.
Regular physical activity is crucial.
Healthy Diet:
Focus on low-glycemic index foods to manage insulin levels.
Limit processed foods, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats.
If you are feeling lost on what to eat for PCOS, check out my 7 Day PCOS Meal Plan
2. Medications:
Hormonal Birth Control:
Regulates menstrual cycles.
Reduces androgen levels, which can improve acne and excessive hair growth.
Protects the endometrium (lining of the uterus).
Metformin:
Improves insulin sensitivity.
Can help regulate menstrual cycles and ovulation.
May aid in weight loss.
Anti-androgens:
Block the effects of androgens.
Help reduce excessive hair growth and acne.
Ovulation-Inducing Medications:
Used for women with PCOS who are trying to conceive.
Examples include clomiphene and letrozole.
3. Treatments for Specific Symptoms:
Excessive Hair Growth (Hirsutism):
Laser hair removal, electrolysis, and prescription creams (e.g., eflornithine).
Acne:
Topical and oral medications.
Infertility:
Ovulation-inducing medications, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and other fertility treatments.
Key Considerations:
PCOS management is a long-term process.
Regular checkups with a healthcare provider are essential.
Treatment plans may need to be adjusted over time.
It is very important to consult with your doctor, before starting any treatments.
It's important to note that PCOS is a complex condition, and its effects can vary widely. If you suspect you may have PCOS, it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management.
