What is PCOS?


Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age.

Key facts

  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 6–13% of reproductive-aged women.

  • Up to 70% of affected women remain undiagnosed worldwide.

  • PCOS is the most common cause of anovulation (not ovulating and irregular periods).

  • PCOS is the leading cause of female infertility.

  • PCOS is associated with a variety of long-term health problems that affect physical and emotional well-being.

  • PCOS runs in families, but there are ethnic variations in how PCOS manifests itself and how it affects people.

Here's a breakdown of key aspects:

  • Hormonal Imbalance:

    • PCOS is characterized by an imbalance of reproductive hormones. This often involves higher-than-normal levels of androgens (male hormones).

    • This hormonal imbalance can disrupt the normal ovulation process.

  • Ovarian Changes:

    • The name "polycystic ovary syndrome" comes from the fact that many women with PCOS develop numerous small, fluid-filled sacs (follicles or "cysts") in their ovaries.

    • However, having these cysts is not required for a PCOS diagnosis, and not all women with PCOS have them.

  • Symptoms:

    • Symptoms vary significantly among individuals, but common signs include:

      • Irregular menstrual periods or absent periods.

      • Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) on the face, chest, or back.

      • Acne or oily skin.

      • Male-pattern baldness or thinning hair.

      • Weight gain, particularly around the abdomen.

      • Infertility.

  • Health Risks:

    • PCOS can increase the risk of developing other health problems, such as:

      • Type 2 diabetes.

      • Heart disease.

      • Sleep apnea.

      • Endometrial cancer.

      • Mental health issues such as anxiety and depression.

  • Diagnosis:

    • Diagnosis typically involves a combination of:

      • Medical history review.

      • Physical examination.

      • Blood tests to check hormone levels.

      • Pelvic ultrasound to examine the ovaries.

  • Causes:

    • The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but factors that may play a role include:

      • Insulin resistance.

      • Genetics.

      • Low-grade inflammation.

Treatment for PCOS focuses on managing individual symptoms and reducing the risk of long-term health problems. Because PCOS presents differently in each person, treatment is highly individualized. Here's an overview of common approaches:

1. Lifestyle Modifications:

  • Weight Management:

    • Even a small amount of weight loss (5-10%) can significantly improve insulin resistance, hormone levels, and ovulation.

    • A balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean protein is recommended.

    • Regular physical activity is crucial.

  • Healthy Diet:

    • Focus on low-glycemic index foods to manage insulin levels.

    • Limit processed foods, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats.

    • If you are feeling lost on what to eat for PCOS, check out my 7 Day PCOS Meal Plan

2. Medications:

  • Hormonal Birth Control:

    • Regulates menstrual cycles.

    • Reduces androgen levels, which can improve acne and excessive hair growth.

    • Protects the endometrium (lining of the uterus).

  • Metformin:

    • Improves insulin sensitivity.

    • Can help regulate menstrual cycles and ovulation.

    • May aid in weight loss.

  • Anti-androgens:

    • Block the effects of androgens.

    • Help reduce excessive hair growth and acne.

  • Ovulation-Inducing Medications:

    • Used for women with PCOS who are trying to conceive.

    • Examples include clomiphene and letrozole.

3. Treatments for Specific Symptoms:

  • Excessive Hair Growth (Hirsutism):

    • Laser hair removal, electrolysis, and prescription creams (e.g., eflornithine).

  • Acne:

    • Topical and oral medications.

  • Infertility:

    • Ovulation-inducing medications, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and other fertility treatments.

Key Considerations:

  • PCOS management is a long-term process.

  • Regular checkups with a healthcare provider are essential.

  • Treatment plans may need to be adjusted over time.

  • It is very important to consult with your doctor, before starting any treatments.

It's important to note that PCOS is a complex condition, and its effects can vary widely. If you suspect you may have PCOS, it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management.


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